Tourette syndrome (TS) is childhood onset neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by motor and vocal tics as well as frequent comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This presentation will begin with a brief review of the phenomenology and natural history of TS and then focus on emerging neurobiological data from postmortem and in vivo neuroimaging, electrophysiological and magnetoencephalographic (MEG) studies. Initially, we will focus on the presence of premonitory urges, the disappearance of tics during periods of goal-directed behavior, the fractal character of tics in time, and their usual partial remission over the course of adolescence. Preliminary data from postmortem brain studies indicate that some individuals with persistent TS have a loss of key subtypes parvalbumin positive GABAergic and cholinergic inter-neurons in the striatum. The affected cells are present within the Associative and Sensorimotor cortico-basal ganglia networks that are known to be fundamental to the acquisition of habits. Building on current theories concerning the hierarchical interactions of these networks in habit formation, we conclude that the volumetric MRI data (lower caudate volumes) are consistent with both the postmortem brain studies and the key role the Associative network likely plays in both habit formation and tic suppression.